Organizational Psychology Archives

Bullying in the Workplace

Workplace Bullying

With bullying, the idea that usually comes to mind may involve children or teenagers misbehaving, discriminating, and/or harassing one another. Bullying commonly involves a power imbalance and includes behaviors that are unwanted, threatening, humiliating, harmful, aggressive, offensive, and/or intimidating. These can be both verbal and physical. Bullying can be thought of as a mechanism used to re-take control and proclaim dominance that an individual may have felt they lost at some point in their lives. Bullies usually target those who may seem smaller, weaker, younger, or more vulnerable than themselves.

However, these instances and behaviors are not exclusive to youngsters and are also prevalent in various aspects of adult life, such as interpersonal and professional relationships. Although it may be widely observed in society, it is not always recognized as ‘bullying’ and thus, appropriate interventions are not implemented. Whether it is between children, teenagers, or adults, bullying is an issue that deserves attention as it can have a detrimental impact on an individual’s mental and physical health. Mental health effects include worrying about work constantly, wanting to avoid going to work, needing time off to recover from stress, a general loss of interest, and an increased risk of anxiety and depression. The physical health effects include feeling sick or anxious when thinking about work, digestive problems, high blood pressure, headaches, decreased appetite, and poor quality of sleep.

Bullying in the workplace also causes financial difficulties as individuals tend to leave their jobs as a result of being bullied. Some examples of bullying in this context include personal attacks such as yelling, threatening, and spreading rumors, as well as manipulation tactics, such as isolation, sabotage, micromanagement, and unrealistic deadlines.

In the work environment, bullies are often found to be bosses or high-functioning employees who are valued and supported by others because of their status and contribution to the company. In these cases, bullying may involve the abuse of power such as unjustified negative performance reviews, denial of time off, and threats of termination or demotion. However, bullying can also occur in other levels of employment. Those working at the same level may bully through gossip, rumors, work sabotage, and/or criticism. Lower-level employees may bully those above them by showing continuous disrespect, refusing to complete tasks, and doing things that may portray their superior in a negative light. Bullying not only impacts the target but increases stress for all those who witness it. Employees are also impacted in the form of decreases in trust, productivity, morale, and efficiency as well as increases in absenteeism and employee turnover.

Bullying has been shown to be more prevalent in work environments that:

Are stressful
Change frequently
Have heavy workloads
Have unclear policies about employee behavior
Have poor employee communication and relationships
Have more employees who are bored and worried about job security

Bullying is recognized as a serious problem in many organizations, and while most have a zero-tolerance policy, bullying can be difficult to prove, which in turn, makes it difficult for the necessary measures to be taken. Witnesses to bullying often refrain from intervening and stay silent out of a fear of becoming a target themselves. It is important to speak up and attempt to stop bullying when we witness it, as ignoring it contributes to a harmful work environment.

Effective ways to help include:

Offering support – this could involve being a witness if the targeted individual wants to ask the bully to stop.

Listening – If someone being bullied doesn’t feel safe reporting the bullying to HR, they may find it beneficial to have someone to talk to.

Reporting the incident – A third-party account of what happened may help bring attention to the problem, allowing it to be taken seriously by management and others.

Transactional vs Transformative Leadership

The concept of leadership is quite simple: a leader is one that aims to motivate and guide others to achieve an agreed objective. However, when we consider the diversity of leaders, it starts to become a little more complicated. Immediately we start to notice vast differences in how each person leads.

Commonly known as leadership styles, it refers to a leader’s behavioral characteristics when directing, motivating, mentoring, and achieving work expectations. Fortunately, researchers have delved deep into this topic to ascertain how to better communicate and motivate teams. As a result, different theories and frameworks were developed to help identify and understand the various leadership styles.

Most leadership styles tend to be either transactional or transformative. Generally, each of these types of leadership has different ways to influence attitudes and motivation among the employees.

Transactional leadership

As the name suggests, the transactional leadership style views a leader-employee relationship as a transaction. Leaders who adopt this highly directive style base leadership on a system of rewards and penalties in order to motivate the employees. For example, higher pay given in an exchange for increased productivity. Transactional leaders use a pragmatic approach to tackle problems, think of solutions, and drive people to get things done. As a result, employees receive definite and clear commands and are often carefully monitored to ensure that these expectations are met.

Pros

Transactional leadership tends to be most effective when problems are straightforward and clear. This style also works better for crisis situations where a solution is needed immediately.
As the leader is in command, it removes room for confusion and guesswork errors.
Transactional leadership creates clearly defined roles. Employees know what they are told to do and what they can achieve in exchange for their performance.
As this leadership is based on different sources of motivation, employees are motivated to perform well and achieve these rewards.

Cons

A transactional approach discourages out-of-the-box thinking and creative input from the employees because of its straightforward leadership.
There is a lack of focus on building relationships within the work environment. Because of the strict focus on using rewards to motivate employees, transactional leaders may not consider the working environment and tend to miss an attempt to build relationships with their employees.

Transformational leadership

Transformational leadership is a leadership style that directs positive changes to the employees. Not only do these leaders aim at achieving team objectives, but they also do so by focusing on employee needs and encourages them to reach their full potential. Unlike transactional leaders, transformational leaders find solutions by brainstorming and encouraging creativity among everyone in the team through an approach that inspires, nurtures, and develops the employees.

Pros

Research shows that this style of leadership is associated with positive effects on career employee development, satisfaction, and wellbeing as their needs are considered when expectations are to be met.
Employee creative input is encouraged and valued.
The experience is considered purposeful and enjoyable by the employees as their own needs and growth are highlighted in the process.
Leaders are value-driven and ethics-focused which encourages a shared group vision.

Cons

Employees may experience confusion as transformational leaders tend to take more risks in their approach to meeting expectations.
Transformational leadership tends to become too conceptual as proper task focus may lack for those employees that need proper guidance.

Research has shown that employees are also more likely to feel inspired, empowered, and stimulated to be part of the team and exceed in their team responsibilities when they receive leadership that is transformational. As a result, employees led by a transformative leader are more satisfied and often report higher levels of individual and team performance.

Whether you learned about leadership styles after reading this blog, it is likely that you are already applying some of the elements of transactional and transformative leadership. Here are some questions that you can use as a start to reflect on if you are leading with components of transformational leadership within your professional work: These questions were adapted from and inspired by Carless, Wearing, and Mann’s (2000) work.

Creative: Do I encourage people to think outside the box? Do I ask questions or simply take policies and procedures at face value?
Interactive: Do I encourage and recognize my employees for the work they are doing? Do I make myself accessible?
Visionary: Do I articulate a clear vision of the future for my employees?
Empowering: Do I actively work to build trust and foster teamwork?
Passionate: Do I show enthusiasm for the work I am doing? Do I provide extra encouragement when my employees seem discouraged?
Relationship builders: Do I take the time to get to know my employees personally?
Influence agents: Do I strive to be a good role model to my employees?

To sum up the difference between transactional and transformative leadership: transactional leadership looks at how to get things done through the use of rewards and punishments, and transformational leadership looks at how to inspire and motivate people to do things.

Tips for Maintaining Better Work-Life Balance

Have you noticed the culture of overworking? Some people think that working overtime equates to being hardworking. That those sending out reports or making calls out of working hours are sacrificing their personal time and seem to be dedicated employees. But when has this become true? Does overworking actually achieve what we think it does? Research suggests otherwise – that when we work longer hours, we tend to produce less outcome, make more mistakes and jeopardize our physical and mental health in the long run. For example, working adults that prioritize their work over their personal lives are more likely to experience stress, burnout, heart-related issues, and high blood pressure. So what about Work-Life Balance?

Indeed, the global pandemic has significantly impacted the way we live as we transit from physical interactions to virtual interactions. From Zoom parties to online workshops, technology has given us access to the virtual equivalent of the many outdoor activities we used to do before the pandemic. And as officials stress the importance of social distancing, people have the option to be able to work from home, thanks to tech apps such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom. But although we are a year into the pandemic, many employees working from home still struggle to find a balance between their work and personal life. As their work commitment bleeds into their personal lives all the more, checking emails and answering work calls over on the dinner table has become a common theme to many. As mentioned, this entanglement of work and personal responsibilities leaves many employees with extreme stress and discontentment which have an impact on both workplace and personal wellbeing.

Fortunately, one of the silver linings of the COVID-19 is the increased awareness of mental wellbeing, hence, the ‘always on’ work culture has been brought to the attention of many healthcare professionals. To help cope with this issue, the importance of ‘work-life balance’ is stressed in many mental health workshops and forums.

The key to work-life balance is effectively distributing time between professional and personal obligations. Achieving such a balance not only helps to maintain a healthy relationship at home but also gives a feeling of satisfaction and increases productivity at work. Research studies have shown additional benefits to work-life balance such as increased work engagement, creative thinking, and better physical and mental health.

Finding a work-life balance can be a challenge, but these ideas can help you make a start:

Reflect on your own work-life balance: How important is this for you? Since when have you noticed the imbalance? What changed? And what are the consequences? Asking yourself these questions is important as they help you understand your situation better to tackle it more effectively. Gain an understanding that overworking does not mean you are hardworking. And that you are more likely to produce more when you are at your full potential during working hours as compared to working overtime.
Define your workspace: When you create a designated workspace, you make a clear divide between your personal and working environment. This might look like moving from your bed to a designated table, or a specific room in the house. When making the switch to your workspace, you attempt to tell your brain it’s time to work and vice versa when you move away from your workspace.
Implement short breaks: Be sure to take some breaks throughout your working day. Giving yourself 10 to 15-minute breaks during your day helps you get back to work with a more refreshed, recharged, and productive mindset. Eating lunch with family, going for a walk, or even scheduling virtual water-cooler moments with your colleagues are some ideas on how to spend your short, but important, rest time.
Consider transition time: Create cues to help yourself adjust to when it’s time to begin work at the start of the day and when it’s time to stop working at the end of the day. This could mean, going for a short walk to mimic your previous commute to work, by changing out of your pajamas, or even taking your dog for a walk at the end of your working hours. This helps you ease into and out of your work or personal commitment.
Set and communicate boundaries: With your work devices in front of you, it’s easy to get tempted to send out one more email, write up one more report and make one more phone call. Although this might feel like it increases your productivity, over time it can contribute to burnout and cause feelings of frustration down the road. Therefore, it’s important to set your office hours and explicitly communicate them to others. This also makes it easier for you to see the distinction between work and personal time.
Practice self-compassion: Acknowledge the complexity of achieving work-life balance and be kind to yourself during these unprecedented Carve out times to be there for yourself, and allow mistakes to learn from. It’s a good idea to also recognizing the importance of your protective factors (for example, exercise, friendships, or leisure activities) for your wellbeing and include them in your week’s routine.